Permanent Water Hardness of Water Sources from Pshs-Irc by Indirect Titration free essay sample

Titration Researchers Anna Marie S. Cabatbat Crystal Jill R. Mangsat Jan Michael Maturan Charlene Lou A. Nicer Arian Paul D. Norcio Submitted to the Faculty of the Philippine Science High School – Ilocos Region Campus in partial fulfillment of the requirements for Science and Technology Research 2 March 2013 ABSTRACT This study aimed to determine the permanent water hardness in terms of calcium carbonate concentration of water samples from the Boys’ dormitory, Administration Building, Gymnasium, Girls’ dormitory, and Canteen of PSHS-IRC together with the commercial drinking water Nature Spring, Absolute, and Wilkins through indirect titration. Water hardness was identified by the amount of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) in ppm. The control group consisting of the branded commercialized drinking water had a concentration less than 43 ppm of CaCO3 and was considered as soft based on table of water hardness classification. The water samples collected from the Boys’ dormitory, Administration Building, Gymnasium, Girls’ dormitory, and Canteen have CaCO3 concentrations greater than 43 ppm and were classified as slightly hard. The water sample from the Boys’ dormitory had the highest concentration of 87. 420 ppm and the water sample from Gymnasium had the lowest concentration of 52. 712 ppm. Based from the results, the samples from the different sources contained significant amount of CaCO3 which may cause further problems in pipe clogging, health, laundry, and utility from these sources. APPROVAL SHEET This thesis entitled â€Å"Permanent Water Hardness of Water Sources from PSHS-IRC by Indirect Titration,† prepared by Anna Marie S. Cabatbat, Crystal Jill R. Mangsat, Jan Michael Maturan, Charlene Lou A. Nicer, and Arian Paul D. Norcio, in partial fulfillment of the requirements in Science Technology Research 2, has been examined on March __, 2013 and passed by the Oral Examination Committee composed of: ANNELLENE H. MADRID STR 2 TEACHER SHARON L. PALOMARES STR 2 TEACHER ROMULO R. MACADANGDANG, JR STR 2 TEACHER Accepted and approved in partial fulfillment of the requirement in Science Technology Research 2. RONNALEE N. ORTEZA, Ph. D. CISD Chief Date: LARRY L. CABATIC, Ph. D. Campus Director Date ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This research wouldn’t have been possible without the continual guidance and help of the following people, and so the researchers would like to express their deepest appreciation to: The Philippine Science High School Sysytem for letting the researchers experiences the grant to scholarship and the privilege to experience Pisay life; Their research teachers, Mr. Romulo R. Macadangdang, Jr, for his interest and wisdom on the subject of Chemistry which is a vital component of this study; Mrs. Sharon L. Palomares, for her justified critiques, assessments, and recommendations for improvement; and Ms. Annellene H. Madrid, for her unending support as a research adviser; Ms. Mary Ann R. Lagua, Chemistry II teacher, who introduced to the researchers the method of indirect titration and the formulas needed for the computations and quantitative analysis; Mr. Gwynne Micah S. Ritua, a student from IV-Photon, for his assistance on the required formulas and continuous support on the study and the researchers; Their family, friends, and batch mates for the support given and the motivation that they imparted to the researchers for the completion of the study; And, above all, to the Lord Jesus Christ for his generosity, love and never-ending help, especially on this research. Anna, Arian, Charlene, Crystal, Jan Michael LIST OF FIGURES No| Description| Page| 1| Process Flowchart| | 2| Summary of Water Hardness| | LIST OF TABLES No| Description| Page| | Hardness scale classification| | 2| Hardness classification of different water sources| | 3| Summary of raw data| | LIST OF PLATES No| Description| Page| 1| Collection of water Samples from different sources in PSHS-IRC| | 2| Preparation of Na2CO3 solution| | 3| Boiling of water samples| | 4| Isolation of CaCO3 through filtration| | 5| Rinsing of filter paper in distilled water| | 6| Application of methyl orange| | 7| Indirect titration of water samples| | 8| End point of the indirect titrations| | TABLE OF CONTENTS Approval Sheet1 Acknowledgement1 Table of Contents1 List of Figures1 List of Tables1 List of Plates1 Chapter 1 Introduction Background of the study1 Statement of the Problem2 Significance of the Study2 Scope and Limitations3 Chapter 2 Review of Related Literature4 Definition of Terms5 Water Hardness6 Hard Water7 Permanent Hardness8 Calcium Carbonate9 Advantages of Hard Water9 Disadvantages of Hard Water 11 Procedure13 Water Hardness Scale13 Chapter III Methodology14 Process Flow Chart14 Chapter IV- Results and Discussions16 Chapter V – Conclusions and Recommendations19 References1 Appendices1 Curriculum Vitae 1 CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION Background of the Study The industrial business, not just in the Philippines, but also in the whole world, requires a large amount of capital to be able for maintenance and provision. However, at some times in this business, the sum of money that is needed for repairs becomes insufficient because of some factors that affect the equipment, the machineries, and the system as a whole. One of which is water hardness. Water hardness was initially defined as the measure of the capacity of the water to precipitate soap. The determination of the hardness of water is a beneficial assessment that measures the quality of water for different usage. Hard water is not bad for the health of an individual, since drinking hard water just adds a minimal amount of calcium and magnesium toward the total human dietary needs. However, the National Academy of Science and Technology (NAST) says that taking extremely hard water may have a large effect on our calcium and magnesium diet. Once heat is applied to hard water, CaCO3 precipitates out, causing clogs in water pipes and industrial boilers. This leads to malfunction or damage of the machine or water pipes which maybe expensive to remove or even repair. Permanent hardness is expected from the manifestation of the Ca2+, Mg2+, Fe3+ and SO4- ions. Unlike temporary hardness, this type of hardness cannot be simply removed through boiling. Usually, this type of hardness is usually determined through titration for the metal ions to be detected. This study aims to determine the water hardness of the samples acquired from different sources in Philippine Science High School- Ilocos Region Campus, as well as three other commercialized drinking water, through indirect titration. Statement of the Problem This study aimed to determine the permanent water hardness of different water samples from different sources in Philippine Science High School – Ilocos Region Campus. It sought to: 1. Measure the different calcium carbonate concentration of the different samples in terms of ppm 2. Classify the water samples according to their hardness Significance of the Study The data gathered in this study would be essential to people who want to determine if the water sources in PSHS-IRC are safe for drinking, washing, bathing, and other purposes. Another aim of this study is to compare the different hardness of water from the different sources in school to the hardness of some commercial water samples and see how the water hardness affects the quality of the commercial drinking water. Lastly, this study may serve as a guide and reference for future researches. Scopes and Limitations This research is limited to the determination of the level of calcium carbonate concentrations from different sources. The consequences and influences of the samples’ water hardness beyond those are not included in the system of the study. Also, with exception to the commercial water samples used, this research is only restricted to PSHS-IRC’s water supply to the different sources and buildings. Thus, the effects of the water hardness in this study are limited only to the possible effects on the infrastructures of the said school. The study was done on the month of January and February, year 2013. The study was conducted at the science laboratory of PSHS-IRC. CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE Definition of Terms Water Sources the different water sources includes the Boys’ dormitory, Administration Building, Gymnasium, Girls’ dormitory, and Canteen of the PSHS-IRC Water Samples these are the water samples used for the indirect titration, and was collected from the five sources in the PSHS-IRC Soft Water water is classified as soft water when the calcium carbonate concentration in it is from 0 to 43 parts per million (ppm) Indirect Titration the process used to determine the hardness of the water samples by using HCl as a titrant and the water samples as analyte Hydrochloric Acid (HCl) Fifty mL of HCl was used as a titrant in the indirect titration process to determine the endpoint of the titration Sodium Carbonate (Na2CO3) Fifty mL of Na2CO3 was added to the water samples to separate th e CaCO3 from the water samples Methyl Orange three drops of methyl orange was added to the water samples to indicate that all of the CaCO3 was already titrated by the titrant, indicated by the change of color. Water Hardness Water hardness is important to fish culture and is a commonly reported aspect of water quality. It is a measure of the quantity of divalent ions (for this discussion, salts with two positive charges) such as calcium, magnesium and/or iron in water. There are many different divalent salts; however, calcium and magnesium are the most common sources of water hardness. Hardness is traditionally measured by chemical titration. The hardness of a water sample is reported in milligrams per liter (same as parts per million, ppm) as calcium carbonate (mg/l CaCO3). Calcium carbonate hardness is a general term that indicates the total quantity of divalent salts present and does not specifically identify whether calcium, magnesium and/or some other divalent salt is causing water hardness. Hardness can be a mixture of divalent salts. In theory, it is possible to have water with high hardness that contains no calcium. Calcium is the most important divalent salt in fish culture water. An acceptable range for free calcium in culture waters is 25-100 mg/l (63-250 mg/l CaCO3 hardness). Channel catfish can tolerate low calcium concentrations as long as their feed contains a minimum level of mineral calcium. However, they may grow more slowly under these conditions. If striped bass, trout, salmon or red drum culture is being considered, free calcium concentrations in the 40-100 mg/l range (100-250  Ã‚   mg/l  Ã‚   as  Ã‚   CaCO3  Ã‚   hardness)  are  more desirable. Tests specific for calcium should be performed on samples of the water source being considered for these fishes. (http://www. ca. uky. edu February 16, 2013) Hard Water Water described as â€Å"hard† is high in dissolved minerals, specifically calcium and magnesium. Hard water is not a health risk, but a nuisance because of mineral buildup on fixtures and poor soap and/or detergent performance. Water is a good solvent and picks up impurities easily. Pure water — tasteless, colorless, and odorless — is often called the universal solvent. When water is combined with carbon dioxide to form very weak carbonic acid, an even better solvent results. As water moves through soil and rock, it dissolves very small amounts of minerals and holds them in solution. Calcium and magnesium dissolved in water are the two most common minerals that make water â€Å"hard. The degree of hardness becomes greater as the calcium and magnesium content increases. (http://www. hardwater. org/ February 16, 2013) Hard water can be softened (have its minerals removed) by treating it with lime or by passing it over an ion exchange resin. The ion exchange resins are complex sodium salts. Water flows over the resin surface, dissolving the sodium. The calcium, magne sium, and other cations precipitate onto the resin surface. Sodium goes into the water, but the other cations stay with the resin. Very hard water will end up tasting saltier than water that had fewer dissolved minerals. http://chemistry. about. com February 18, 2013) Permanent Hardness The hardness caused by calcium and magnesium salts other than hydrogen carbonates is not affected by heating and is therefore called permanent hardness. (http://www. rsc. org February 18, 2013) Permanent hardness in water is hardness due to the presence of the chlorides, nitrates and sulphates of calcium and magnesium, which will not be precipitated by boiling. The lime scale can build up on the inside of the pipe restricting the flow of water or causing a blockage. This can happen in industry where hot water is used. http://glossary. periodni. com February 18, 2013) Calcium Carbonate Calcium carbonate (CaCO3) is an important chemical compound made up of one atom of calcium bonded to one atom of carb on and three atoms of oxygen. Common names for this compound include limestone, calcite, aragonite, chalk, and marble, and while all contain the same substance, each has different processes underlying its formation. Calcium carbonate is used in cements and mortars, producing lime, in the steel industry, glass industry, and as an ornamental stone. This compound usually looks like a white powder or stone. It will fizz and release carbon dioxide upon contact with a strong acid, such as hydrochloric acid. After the carbon dioxide is released, the remainder is calcium oxide (CaO), commonly called quicklime. When calcium carbonate comes into contact with water saturated with carbon dioxide, it forms a soluble compound, calcium bicarbonate. Underground, this often leads to the formation of caves. The reaction is as follows: CaCO3 + CO2 + H2O Ca(HCO3)2 Calcium carbonate becomes marble when highly compressed and heated deep underneath the Earth’s surface. In caves, when dissolved by the above chemical mechanism, it creates magnificent speleothems: cave formations such as stalagmites, stalagmites, curtains, and dozens of others. (http://www. wisegeek. com February 18, 2013) Advantages of Hard Water The advantages of hard water are: most people agree that it tastes better; it is thought to reduce the number of heart illnesses; it provides useful calcium ions for the healthy growth of bones and teeth; the formation of lime scale in pipes causes the inside of the pipe to be covered with insoluble carbonates. This layer of carbonate prevents the water in the pipe from coming into contact with the metal of the pipe and so prevents pipe corrosion and prevents poisonous metal salts becoming dissolved in the water. (http://www. gcsescience. com February 18, 2013) The World Health Organization (WHO) says, there is no evidence that water hardness cause effects in humans. Some studies have shown a weak inverse relationship between water hardness and cardiovascular disease in men, up to a level of 170 mg calcium carbonate per liter of water. Other studies have shown weak correlations between cardiovascular health and water hardness. The World Health Organization has reviewed the evidence and concluded the data were inadequate to allow for a recommendation for a level of hardness. Hard water is not a health hazard. In fact, the National Research Council (National Academy of Sciences) states that hard drinking water generally contributes a small amount toward total calcium and magnesium human dietary needs. They further state that in some instances, where dissolved calcium and magnesium are very high, water could be a major contributor of calcium and magnesium to the diet. (http://ezinearticles. om February 18, 2013) Disadvantages of Hard Water The disadvantages  of hard water are: lime scale furring of kettles and pipes; fur is the insoluble carbonate formed during heating water with temporary hardness; deposits of lime scale can build up on the inside of the pipe restricting the flow of water or causing a blockage; soap is wasted because more soap is required for washing. Soap in hard water forms a scum from r eacting with the calcium or magnesium compounds in the water. Other detergents which do not contain soap do not form wasteful scum during washing. (http://www. csescience. com February 18, 2013) Procedure Fifty ml of the water sample is taken in a conical flask. To this solution 50 ml of N/50 sodium carbonate solution is added and the solution is boiled to about 15 mins. Then the solution is cooled and filtered. The precipitate on the filter paper is washed with distilled water and all the washings are collected in the conical flask. Then the solution is titrated against N/50 HCl using methyl orange as indicator. The end point is change of yellow to pale pink. (http://www. indiastudychannel. com February24, 2013) Water Hardness Scale Calcium carbonate (ppm)| Classification| 0-43| Soft| 43-150| Slightly Hard| 150-300| Moderately Hard| 300-450| Hard| 450| Very Hard| The hardness of water is referred to by three types of measurements: grains per gallon, milligrams per liter (mg/L), or parts per million (ppm). The table below is provided as a reference. (http://www. fairfaxwater. org February 24, 2013) Table 1. Hardness scale classification CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY Process Flowchart Indirect Titration of Samples Collection of Water Samples from different sites Isolation of CaCO3 Data Gathering Data Analysis Indirect Titration of Samples Collection of Water Samples from different sites Isolation of CaCO3 Data Gathering Data Analysis Figure 1. Summary of procedure Collection of water samples Water samples of 50 ml each were collection at the Girls’ dormitory, Boys’ dormitory, Gymnasium, canteen, and Administration building of PSHS-IRC. The samples were placed in glass bottles and were labeled. For the control group which consists of commercialized drinking water, a 350 ml bottle each of Wilkins, Absolute, and Nature Spring were bought from retail stores of San Ildefonso Isolation of CaCO3 Each water sample was added with 50 ml of 0. 02 Normality of Sodium Carbonate (Na2CO3) and the solution was stirred and boiled for about 15 minutes to isolate CaCO3 precipitates. Afterwards, the solution was cooled and filtered. CaCO3 precipitates on the filter paper were rinsed with 50 ml distilled water. The washings of the precipitates were collected and placed in a conical flask. Indirect Titration of the Prepared Solution The prepared solution was titrated against 0. 02 Normality of Hydrochloric Acid (HCl) for three trials. The indicator used was methyl orange. The end point was observed when a color change from yellow to pale pink color occurred. This indicates that all of the moles of CaCO3 has been titrated by the titrant HCl. Data Gathering The volume of titrant used in the three trials are noted and tabulated. Data Analysis The concentration of CaCO3 is computed using the following formula: Molars of HCl*Volume of HCl used = moles of HCl Moles of HCl * 1 mole of CaCO32 moles of HCl *100. 1g of HCl= grams of CaCO3/ 50 ml grams of CaCO3/ 50 ml * 20 = grams of CaCO3/ L grams of CaCO3/ L* 103 = CaCO3 concentration in ppm The CaCO3 concentrations were referred to the Permanent Hardness Scale to determine the classification of each sample. CHAPTER IV RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS The used volumes of titrant in different trials were averaged and the CaCO3 concentrations were computed using the formula mentioned in the data analysis. The different water samples were then compared in the following figure: CaCO3 concentration of water samples in ppm CaCO3 concentration of water samples in ppm Sources of water samples in PSHS-IRC Sources of water samples in PSHS-IRC Figure 2: Summary of Water Hardness Figure 2: Summary of Water Hardness This figure showed the comparison on the calcium carbonate (CaCO3) concentration of water samples in ppm. The Boys’ dormitory has the highest calcium carbonate (CaCO3) concentration among the water samples collected. Water in the Boys’ dormitory is not advisable for drinking; also pipes supplying water inside the Boys’ dormitory have calcium deposits formed inside them. Same with the Canteen who has the second most concentration of calcium carbonate (CaCO3). Water samples from the Administration Building, Gymnasium and Girls’ dormitory have lower concentration relative to the Boys’ dormitory and Canteen. The control group had the lowest calcium carbonate (CaCO3) concentration that is why they are safe to drink compared to the water samples inside Philippine Science High School – Ilocos Region Campus. Hardness Classification Table 2. Hardness classification of the different water sources | Average volume of HCl used| CaCO3 Concentration (ppm)| Water hardness Classification| Boys’ dormitory| 4. 366| 87. 42| Slightly hard| Administration Bldg| 2. 667| 53. 393| Slightly hard| Gymnasium| 2. 633| 52. 712| Slightly hard| Girls’ dormitory| 3. 067| 61. 01| Slightly hard| Canteen| 3. 800| 76. 076| Slightly hard| Absolute| 2. 133| 42. 709| Soft| Wilkins| 1. 633| 32. 699| Soft| Nature Spring| 1. 500| 30. 030| Soft| The water samples from Philippine Science High School reached classification slightly hard. The control group obtained soft as classification. The Calcium Carbonate concentrations of samples from Boys’ dormitory and Canteen were ranked the highest among the samples but still are classified as slightly hard along with samples from Girls’ dormitory, Gymnasium, and Administration Building. Their classification shows that they are not suited for any consumption purposes unlike with the control group that reached the range of the classification soft. The concentration of Calcium Carbonate concentration in the water samples from Philippine Science High School – Ilocos Region Campus were too high. With these results, it is right to justify that water sources of the campus are not advisable for drinking or any form of usage related to food. Also, the samples already known to be available for drinking purposes showed that there is a large significant difference from the other samples and their water hardness. Due to the classification of the samples from the said school, it is to be concluded that there might be some disadvantages for those who uses the said samples for a lot of purposes. Drinking water is safe to drink because of low Calcium Carbonate concentrations and water from other sources can be assumed to be contaminated or just have high concentrations of Calcium Carbonate. CHAPTER V CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS The water sample collected from the Boys’ Dormitory yielded the highest concentration of calcium carbonate in terms of ppm with 87. 42, followed by the Canteen water sample with 76. 076, the Girls’ Dorm sample with 61. 01, the Administration Building water sample with 53. 393, and the COOP water sample gave the lowest concentration with 52. 712. But all samples are in the same hardness classification, which is slightly hard. The results of the three brands of commercial water showed significant difference from the samples from the school, with Absolute, W ilkins, and Nature Spring yielding 42. 709, 32. 699, and 30. 030, respectively. All of the three samples of commercialized water are classified as soft. With these results, it is right to justify that drinking water is safe because of its low calcium carbonate concentrations. Hence, the water sources of the campus are not advisable for drinking or in any form of intake because the calcium carbonate concentrations of the samples are high compared to those of the commercialized water. Recommendations The researchers recommend that this study should be extended to the different zones of Ilocos Sur and that other local commercialized water samples should also be tested. Also, the researchers propose that a different method of measuring water hardness should be used, just like complexometric titration, and that the temporary and total hardness should also be determined. References Electronic Sources: Learning, Discovery, Service | in the College of Agriculture. WATER HARDNESS CALCIUM amp;   MAGNESIUM. Retrieved February 16, 2013, from http://www. ca. uky. edu/wkrec/Hardness. htm Paul, M. (2012). Retrieved February 16, 2013, from http://www. hardwater. org Helmenstine, A. (2012). About. com chemistry. Retrieved February 18, 2013, from http://chemistry. about. com/cs/howthingswork/a/aa082403a. htm Permanent Hardness Retrieved February 18, 2013, http://www. rsc. org/learn-chemistry/resources/chemistry-in-your-cupboard/calgon/3 Permanent Hardness Retrieved February 18, 2013, http://glossary. eriodni. com/glossary. php? en=permanent+hardness+in+water What is Calcium. (2003). Retrieved February 18, 2013, from http://www. wisegeek. com/what-is-calcium-carbonate. htm France, C. (2011). Advantages and disadvantages of hard water. Retrieved February 18, 2013, from http://www. gcsescience. com/f6. htm Henry, P. (2008). ezinearticles. Retrieved February 18, 2013, from http://ezinearticles. com/? The-Surprising-Health-Benefits-of-Hard-Wateramp;id=1120938 France, C. (2011). Advantages and disadvantages of hard water. Retrieved February 18, 2013, from http://www. csescience. com/f6. htm Hard water. (2011). Retrieved February 18, 2013, from http://www. hardwater. org/hard_water_problems. html Xavier, L. (2010, June 03). Uc davis chemwiki. Retrieved February 24, 2013, from http://chemwiki. ucdavis. edu/Analytical_Chemistry/Quantitative_Analysis/Titration Water Analysis Retrieved February 24, 2013, from http://www. indiastudychannel. com/projects/396-WATER-ANALYSIS. aspx Fairfax water: Water quality bulletin. (2011, January 05). Retrieved February 24, 2013, from http://www. fcwa. org/water/hardness. htm Appendices Plate 1. Collection of water Samples from different sources in PSHS-IRC Plate 1. Collection of water Samples from different sources in PSHS-IRC Plate 2. Preparation of Na2CO3 solution Plate 2. Preparation of Na2CO3 solution Plate 3. Boiling of water samples Plate 3. Boiling of water samples Plate 4. Isolation of CaCO3 through filtration Plate 4. Isolation of CaCO3 through filtration Plate 5. Rinsing of filter paper in distilled water Plate 5. Rinsing of filter paper in distilled water Plate 6. Application of methyl orange Plate 6. Application of methyl orange Plate 7. Indirect titration of water samples Plate 7. Indirect titration of water samples Plate 8. End point of the indirect titration Plate 8. End point of the indirect titration Table 3. Summary of raw data | Trial 1 (ml)| Trial 2 (ml)| Trial 3 (ml)| Average| ppm| Classification | Boys’ dormitory| 4. 9| 4. 3| 3. 9| 4. 366| 87. 42| Slightly hard| Administration building| 2. 5| 2. 5| 3. 0| 2. 667| 53. 393| Slightly hard| Gymnasium| 2. 5| 2. 3| 3. 1| 2. 633| 52. 712| Slightly hard| Girls’ dormitory| 2. 7| 3. 3| 3. 2| 3. 067| 61. 401| Slightly hard| Canteen| 3. | 4. 5| 3. 7| 3. 800| 76. 076| Slightly hard| Absolute| 2. 2| 2. 1| 2. 1| 2. 133| 42. 709| Soft| Wilkins| 1. 5| 1. 6| 1. 8| 1. 633| 32. 699| Soft| Nature Spring| 1. 8| 1. 3| 1. 4| 1. 500| 30. 030| Soft| Curriculum Vitae Name: Anna Marie S. Cabatbat Nickname: Anna Birthday: September 01, 1997 Address: Primary Schooling: Name of Parents: Achievements in High School: Principle in Life: Ambition: Message to the Future Researche rs: Name: Crystal Jill R. Mangsat Nickname: CJ Birthday: August 22, 1996 Address: #628 Galaban Street, Manaoag, Pangasinan Primary Schooling: Mother Goose Special School Sysytem, Incorporated Name of Parents: Hilberto E. Mangsat Nena R. Mangsat Achievements in High School: Principle in Life: â€Å"The best way to live your life is to live it as a kid. † Ambition: To become happy as an engineer and to help my family Message to the Future Researchers: Galingan niyo! Name: Jan Michael Maturan Nickname: JM Birthday: January 20,1997 Address: 111 San Blas. Villasis. Pangasinan Primary Schooling:Villasis I Central School Name of Parents: Raquel Maturan Rolan Ridoloso Achievements in High School: Passed UPCAT and ACET Principle in Life: â€Å"If you need nothing you may not work for anything† Ambition: Become an Astronaut Message to the Future Researchers: Even you encounter troubles in your research, even though you think the time is not enough, Please do not give up on what you do unless you want to fail. Anything can be accomplished by first believing it was possible but still be flexible because you cannot always get what you want. Name: Charlene Lou A. Nicer Nickname: Char Birthday: June 04, 1996 Address: 2415 Sunrise Subdivision Arellano Bani, Dagupan City, Pangasinan Primary Schooling: Dominican School Dagupan City Name of Parents: Lourdes A. Nicer Raul P. Nicer Achievements in High School: Director’s lister First year (2nd and 3th quarter); Best in Arts S. Y. 2010-2011; Passed UPCAT, ACET, DLSUCAT, USTET Principle in Life: â€Å"a life without risks is not a life at all† Ambition: To win a Nobel Prize in Physics, Chemistry, Medicine, and Peace; to become a well-known scientist specifically a medical physicist Message to the Future Researchers: The true essence of research can never be found in one’s grades. Research covers an area of infinity, where in everything can be examined and studied. Enjoy your research as much as I did! Name: Arian Paul D. Norcio Nickname: Arian Birthday: July 26, 1996 Address: Nalsian, Manaoag, Pangasinan Primary Schooling: Nalsian Elementary School Name of Parents: Florida Norcio Samuel Norcio Achievements in High School: Director’s lister First year (3rd and 4th quarter); Best in English S. Y. 2009-2010; Passed UPCAT Principle in Life: â€Å"No pain, no gain; no pay, no play† Ambition: To be successful geologist . . . Message to the Future Researchers: It is not easy to do a research when you don’t like it. So, learn to enjoy